at all.
I see a cat = я вижу кошку
The cat is black = Кошка чёрная
Dear English speakers (hallo, Deutsche) - even without articles everything is clear haha mostly.

instead we usually understand the subject, but sometimes we can precise with:
the: this, that
a: one, any

hello and get + its 50+ meanings

Good news: forget phrasal verbs. No more googling whether 'give up', 'give in', and 'give out' are actually three different things. In Russian — they're not a thing. Relax

Relaxed?
INSTEAD WE HAVE PREFIXES [evil laughter]
...
[evil laughter intensifies]

Good thing there is still some logic that brings hope. Once you've learned them, you can apply to other verbs.

in = в-
go in = входить
out = вы-
go out = выходить

have done, will have been doing, will have done, must/should have done,

In Russian it's much simpler: roughly compared to the English grammar
either simple or continuous forms.
Or more Russian-grammarly like: perfective (result, finished action) vs imperfective (process) aspects of the verb.
Perfective forms often (but not always!) have prefixes: сделал, пришёл, поел, приехал = did
imperfective: делал, шёл, ел, ехал = was doing.
It applies to future and past tenses.

While in Present tense: it's mostly just one form of verb (forget about motion verbs, they will come later)
I buy vs. I am buying = Я покупаю
now? or in general? No clue - the context & additional words will clear things out.